Kabaw Valley: Manipur’s lost glory

Maheshsana Rajkumar
Ningthee River (Chindwin River), had strong significance in ancient history of Manipur which is depicted on “A Map of the Burmese Empire” by Cartographer John Wyld in 1886, a folding map of Burma based on documents from the Surveyor Generals Office of India, published after the Third Anglo-Burmese War with drawing of Ningthee River on the map.
Manipur was known as Kassay/Kathe from the time of Maurya/Sakya King Dhaja Raja 550 BCE. Moirang is derived from the word Mauriya+ Ang= Mauriyang>Moirang and also Moranga of “The Glass Palace Chronicle of Burma”, with Yazagyo (Rajgriha), in Myanmar as her ancient capital. Moirang principality in ancient period covered areas of present Yazagyo located at Kabaw Valley. Colonel GE Gerini in his book “Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia”, mentioned Yazagyo as the ancient capital of Kassay (Manipur). Manipur’s ancestral boundary was Ningthee River (meaning beautiful in Manipuri) and was known to Burmese as Khyendwen River, and it was the dividing marker between the kingdoms of Manipur and Burma. The name Chindwin River is an anglicized name coined by the British. The Meitei/Meetei people were known as Kathe Shan/Kassay Shan and Tai Moy or Kassay as referred to in Tai journal in new Shan script “Tai in the World”, bearing strong similarities with Tai Leng race of Myanmar. The kingdom of Manipur was Tainized/Shanized with other races. Kabaw Valley predominantly Shans, her possession laid with Manipur and sometimes with strong Burmese rulers who annexed and occupied the land in their ancient history.
Learned scholar Michael W Charney acknowledged the presence of a strong culture of intellectual knowledge exchange lasting two centuries from mid 17th to 19th century in the ‘Burma-Manipur Frontier’ of a reputed literary culture known as “Chindwin Literary Culture”, existed with patronization by the kings of both Manipur and Burma. The translation work from Sanskrit to Pali texts were carried out by the learned scholars of both the courts resulting in the birth of a popular Buddhist reformation known as “Sudhamma Reformation” of the Burmese Konbaung Empire during the reign of King Bodawpaya.
The transfer of Kabaw Valley on 9 January 1834, Maharaja Gambhir Singh of Manipur died of an unnatural death (Heart Attack), hearing the shocking news of Kabaw Valley transfer. The British Agents of both Manipur and Burma corroborated and deceitfully acted under the British Supreme Government’s guidance transferred Kabaw Valley from Manipur to Burma. The responsible British Officers were Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, Major Henry Burney, Resident at Court of Ava and Commissioners of Manipur namely Captain F.J. Grant and Lieutenant R.B. Pemberton.
King Bagyidaw’s Ava court decision making was strongly influenced by Hluttaw (Burmese council of ministers), who pressed on the British Officials and demanded resource rich Kabaw Valley and Tenasserim. In the end Manipur was used as bait by the British Supreme Government and transferred Kabaw Valley to Burma and denied Burmese the claim to Tenasserim.
The British East India Company faced severe economic crisis after the first Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26, the Bengal agency houses faced bankruptcy and war indemnity of 1 million pounds sterling in four instalments were paid by the Burmese with the last instalment paid in 1833. The transfer was executed on 9 January 1834. The compensation amount of transfer of Kabaw Valley to Manipur was fixed at 500 Sicca Rupees monthly or 6000 Sicca Rupees annually with 16 Sicca Rupees valued at 1 Gold Mohur or 375 Gold Mohur annually. The transfer resulted in the great territory loss of eastern parts of Manipur up to Ningthee River, the inherent economic lifeline of the western Southeast Asian nation and later became landlocked. The introduction of the British cartography method Manipur came in the area of South Asia of the British East India Company from year 1837.
(To be contd)